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linux-7.2.3/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/3com/3c509.rst
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.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=============================================================================
Linux and the 3Com EtherLink III Series Ethercards (driver v1.18c and higher)
=============================================================================
This file contains the instructions and caveats for v1.18c and higher versions
of the 3c509 driver. You should not use the driver without reading this file.
release 1.0
28 February 2002
Current maintainer (corrections to):
Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@orcam.me.uk>
Introduction
============
The following are notes and information on using the 3Com EtherLink III series
ethercards in Linux. These cards are commonly known by the most widely-used
card's 3Com model number, 3c509. They are all 10mb/s ISA-bus cards and shouldn't
be (but sometimes are) confused with the similarly-numbered PCI-bus "3c905"
(aka "Vortex" or "Boomerang") series. Kernel support for the 3c509 family is
provided by the module 3c509.c, which has code to support all of the following
models:
- 3c509 (original ISA card)
- 3c509B (later revision of the ISA card; supports full-duplex)
- 3c589 (PCMCIA)
- 3c589B (later revision of the 3c589; supports full-duplex)
- 3c579 (EISA)
Large portions of this documentation were heavily borrowed from the guide
written the original author of the 3c509 driver, Donald Becker. The master
copy of that document, which contains notes on older versions of the driver,
currently resides on Scyld web server: http://www.scyld.com/.
Special Driver Features
=======================
Overriding card settings
The driver allows boot- or load-time overriding of the card's detected IOADDR,
IRQ, and transceiver settings, although this capability shouldn't generally be
needed except to enable full-duplex mode (see below). An example of the syntax
for LILO parameters for doing this::
ether=10,0x310,3,0x3c509,eth0
This configures the first found 3c509 card for IRQ 10, base I/O 0x310, and
transceiver type 3 (10base2). The flag "0x3c509" must be set to avoid conflicts
with other card types when overriding the I/O address. When the driver is
loaded as a module, only the IRQ may be overridden. For example,
setting two cards to IRQ10 and IRQ11 is done by using the irq module
option::
options 3c509 irq=10,11
Full-duplex mode
================
The v1.18c driver added support for the 3c509B's full-duplex capabilities.
In order to enable and successfully use full-duplex mode, three conditions
must be met:
(a) You must have a Etherlink III card model whose hardware supports full-
duplex operations. Currently, the only members of the 3c509 family that are
positively known to support full-duplex are the 3c509B (ISA bus) and 3c589B
(PCMCIA) cards. Cards without the "B" model designation do *not* support
full-duplex mode; these include the original 3c509 (no "B"), the original
3c589, the 3c529 (MCA bus), and the 3c579 (EISA bus).
(b) You must be using your card's 10baseT transceiver (i.e., the RJ-45
connector), not its AUI (thick-net) or 10base2 (thin-net/coax) interfaces.
AUI and 10base2 network cabling is physically incapable of full-duplex
operation.
(c) Most importantly, your 3c509B must be connected to a link partner that is
itself full-duplex capable. This is almost certainly one of two things: a full-
duplex-capable Ethernet switch (*not* a hub), or a full-duplex-capable NIC on
another system that's connected directly to the 3c509B via a crossover cable.
Full-duplex mode can be enabled using 'ethtool'.
.. warning::
Extremely important caution concerning full-duplex mode
Understand that the 3c509B's hardware's full-duplex support is much more
limited than that provide by more modern network interface cards. Although
at the physical layer of the network it fully supports full-duplex operation,
the card was designed before the current Ethernet auto-negotiation (N-way)
spec was written. This means that the 3c509B family ***cannot and will not
auto-negotiate a full-duplex connection with its link partner under any
circumstances, no matter how it is initialized***. If the full-duplex mode
of the 3c509B is enabled, its link partner will very likely need to be
independently _forced_ into full-duplex mode as well; otherwise various nasty
failures will occur - at the very least, you'll see massive numbers of packet
collisions. This is one of very rare circumstances where disabling auto-
negotiation and forcing the duplex mode of a network interface card or switch
would ever be necessary or desirable.
Available Transceiver Types
===========================
For versions of the driver v1.18c and above, the available transceiver types are:
== =========================================================================
0 transceiver type from EEPROM config (normally 10baseT); force half-duplex
1 AUI (thick-net / DB15 connector)
2 (undefined)
3 10base2 (thin-net == coax / BNC connector)
4 10baseT (RJ-45 connector); force half-duplex mode
8 transceiver type and duplex mode taken from card's EEPROM config settings
12 10baseT (RJ-45 connector); force full-duplex mode
== =========================================================================
Prior to driver version 1.18c, only transceiver codes 0-4 were supported. Note
that the new transceiver codes 8 and 12 are the *only* ones that will enable
full-duplex mode, no matter what the card's detected EEPROM settings might be.
This insured that merely upgrading the driver from an earlier version would
never automatically enable full-duplex mode in an existing installation;
it must always be explicitly enabled via one of these code in order to be
activated.
The transceiver type can be changed using 'ethtool'.
Interpretation of error messages and common problems
----------------------------------------------------
Error Messages
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
eth0: Infinite loop in interrupt, status 2011.
These are "mostly harmless" message indicating that the driver had too much
work during that interrupt cycle. With a status of 0x2011 you are receiving
packets faster than they can be removed from the card. This should be rare
or impossible in normal operation. Possible causes of this error report are:
- a "green" mode enabled that slows the processor down when there is no
keyboard activity.
- some other device or device driver hogging the bus or disabling interrupts.
Check /proc/interrupts for excessive interrupt counts. The timer tick
interrupt should always be incrementing faster than the others.
No received packets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If a 3c509, 3c562 or 3c589 can successfully transmit packets, but never
receives packets (as reported by /proc/net/dev or 'ifconfig') you likely
have an interrupt line problem. Check /proc/interrupts to verify that the
card is actually generating interrupts. If the interrupt count is not
increasing you likely have a physical conflict with two devices trying to
use the same ISA IRQ line. The common conflict is with a sound card on IRQ10
or IRQ5, and the easiest solution is to move the 3c509 to a different
interrupt line. If the device is receiving packets but 'ping' doesn't work,
you have a routing problem.
Tx Carrier Errors Reported in /proc/net/dev
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If an EtherLink III appears to transmit packets, but the "Tx carrier errors"
field in /proc/net/dev increments as quickly as the Tx packet count, you
likely have an unterminated network or the incorrect media transceiver selected.
3c509B card is not detected on machines with an ISA PnP BIOS.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
While the updated driver works with most PnP BIOS programs, it does not work
with all. This can be fixed by disabling PnP support using the 3Com-supplied
setup program.
3c509 card is not detected on overclocked machines
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Increase the delay time in id_read_eeprom() from the current value, 500,
to an absurdly high value, such as 5000.
Decoding Status and Error Messages
----------------------------------
The bits in the main status register are:
===== ======================================
value description
===== ======================================
0x01 Interrupt latch
0x02 Tx overrun, or Rx underrun
0x04 Tx complete
0x08 Tx FIFO room available
0x10 A complete Rx packet has arrived
0x20 A Rx packet has started to arrive
0x40 The driver has requested an interrupt
0x80 Statistics counter nearly full
===== ======================================
The bits in the transmit (Tx) status word are:
===== ============================================
value description
===== ============================================
0x02 Out-of-window collision.
0x04 Status stack overflow (normally impossible).
0x08 16 collisions.
0x10 Tx underrun (not enough PCI bus bandwidth).
0x20 Tx jabber.
0x40 Tx interrupt requested.
0x80 Status is valid (this should always be set).
===== ============================================
When a transmit error occurs the driver produces a status message such as::
eth0: Transmit error, Tx status register 82
The two values typically seen here are:
0x82
^^^^
Out of window collision. This typically occurs when some other Ethernet
host is incorrectly set to full duplex on a half duplex network.
0x88
^^^^
16 collisions. This typically occurs when the network is exceptionally busy
or when another host doesn't correctly back off after a collision. If this
error is mixed with 0x82 errors it is the result of a host incorrectly set
to full duplex (see above).
Both of these errors are the result of network problems that should be
corrected. They do not represent driver malfunction.
Revision history (this file)
============================
28Feb02 v1.0 DR New; major portions based on Becker original 3c509 docs
linux-7.2.3/Documentation/networking/device_drivers/ethernet/3com/vortex.rst
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.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=========================
3Com Vortex device driver
=========================
Andrew Morton
30 April 2000
This document describes the usage and errata of the 3Com "Vortex" device
driver for Linux, 3c59x.c.
The driver was written by Donald Becker <becker@scyld.com>
Don is no longer the prime maintainer of this version of the driver.
Please report problems to one or more of:
- Andrew Morton
- Netdev mailing list <netdev@vger.kernel.org>
- Linux kernel mailing list <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>
Please note the 'Reporting and Diagnosing Problems' section at the end
of this file.
Since kernel 2.3.99-pre6, this driver incorporates the support for the
3c575-series Cardbus cards which used to be handled by 3c575_cb.c.
This driver supports the following hardware:
- 3c590 Vortex 10Mbps
- 3c592 EISA 10Mbps Demon/Vortex
- 3c597 EISA Fast Demon/Vortex
- 3c595 Vortex 100baseTx
- 3c595 Vortex 100baseT4
- 3c595 Vortex 100base-MII
- 3c900 Boomerang 10baseT
- 3c900 Boomerang 10Mbps Combo
- 3c900 Cyclone 10Mbps TPO
- 3c900 Cyclone 10Mbps Combo
- 3c900 Cyclone 10Mbps TPC
- 3c900B-FL Cyclone 10base-FL
- 3c905 Boomerang 100baseTx
- 3c905 Boomerang 100baseT4
- 3c905B Cyclone 100baseTx
- 3c905B Cyclone 10/100/BNC
- 3c905B-FX Cyclone 100baseFx
- 3c905C Tornado
- 3c920B-EMB-WNM (ATI Radeon 9100 IGP)
- 3c980 Cyclone
- 3c980C Python-T
- 3cSOHO100-TX Hurricane
- 3c555 Laptop Hurricane
- 3c556 Laptop Tornado
- 3c556B Laptop Hurricane
- 3c575 [Megahertz] 10/100 LAN CardBus
- 3c575 Boomerang CardBus
- 3CCFE575BT Cyclone CardBus
- 3CCFE575CT Tornado CardBus
- 3CCFE656 Cyclone CardBus
- 3CCFEM656B Cyclone+Winmodem CardBus
- 3CXFEM656C Tornado+Winmodem CardBus
- 3c450 HomePNA Tornado
- 3c920 Tornado
- 3c982 Hydra Dual Port A
- 3c982 Hydra Dual Port B
- 3c905B-T4
- 3c920B-EMB-WNM Tornado
Module parameters
=================
There are several parameters which may be provided to the driver when
its module is loaded. These are usually placed in ``/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf``
configuration files. Example::
options 3c59x debug=3 rx_copybreak=300
If you are using the PCMCIA tools (cardmgr) then the options may be
placed in /etc/pcmcia/config.opts::
module "3c59x" opts "debug=3 rx_copybreak=300"
The supported parameters are:
debug=N
Where N is a number from 0 to 7. Anything above 3 produces a lot
of output in your system logs. debug=1 is default.
options=N1,N2,N3,...
Each number in the list provides an option to the corresponding
network card. So if you have two 3c905's and you wish to provide
them with option 0x204 you would use::
options=0x204,0x204
The individual options are composed of a number of bitfields which
have the following meanings:
Possible media type settings
== =================================
0 10baseT
1 10Mbs AUI
2 undefined
3 10base2 (BNC)
4 100base-TX
5 100base-FX
6 MII (Media Independent Interface)
7 Use default setting from EEPROM
8 Autonegotiate
9 External MII
10 Use default setting from EEPROM
== =================================
When generating a value for the 'options' setting, the above media
selection values may be OR'ed (or added to) the following:
====== =============================================
0x8000 Set driver debugging level to 7
0x4000 Set driver debugging level to 2
0x0400 Enable Wake-on-LAN
0x0200 Force full duplex mode.
0x0010 Bus-master enable bit (Old Vortex cards only)
====== =============================================
For example::
insmod 3c59x options=0x204
will force full-duplex 100base-TX, rather than allowing the usual
autonegotiation.
global_options=N
Sets the ``options`` parameter for all 3c59x NICs in the machine.
Entries in the ``options`` array above will override any setting of
this.
full_duplex=N1,N2,N3...
Similar to bit 9 of 'options'. Forces the corresponding card into
full-duplex mode. Please use this in preference to the ``options``
parameter.
In fact, please don't use this at all! You're better off getting
autonegotiation working properly.
global_full_duplex=N1
Sets full duplex mode for all 3c59x NICs in the machine. Entries
in the ``full_duplex`` array above will override any setting of this.
flow_ctrl=N1,N2,N3...
Use 802.3x MAC-layer flow control. The 3com cards only support the
PAUSE command, which means that they will stop sending packets for a
short period if they receive a PAUSE frame from the link partner.
The driver only allows flow control on a link which is operating in
full duplex mode.
This feature does not appear to work on the 3c905 - only 3c905B and
3c905C have been tested.
The 3com cards appear to only respond to PAUSE frames which are
sent to the reserved destination address of 01:80:c2:00:00:01. They
do not honour PAUSE frames which are sent to the station MAC address.
rx_copybreak=M
The driver preallocates 32 full-sized (1536 byte) network buffers
for receiving. When a packet arrives, the driver has to decide
whether to leave the packet in its full-sized buffer, or to allocate
a smaller buffer and copy the packet across into it.
This is a speed/space tradeoff.
The value of rx_copybreak is used to decide when to make the copy.
If the packet size is less than rx_copybreak, the packet is copied.
The default value for rx_copybreak is 200 bytes.
max_interrupt_work=N
The driver's interrupt service routine can handle many receive and
transmit packets in a single invocation. It does this in a loop.
The value of max_interrupt_work governs how many times the interrupt
service routine will loop. The default value is 32 loops. If this
is exceeded the interrupt service routine gives up and generates a
warning message "eth0: Too much work in interrupt".
hw_checksums=N1,N2,N3,...
Recent 3com NICs are able to generate IPv4, TCP and UDP checksums
in hardware. Linux has used the Rx checksumming for a long time.
The "zero copy" patch which is planned for the 2.4 kernel series
allows you to make use of the NIC's DMA scatter/gather and transmit
checksumming as well.
The driver is set up so that, when the zerocopy patch is applied,
all Tornado and Cyclone devices will use S/G and Tx checksums.
This module parameter has been provided so you can override this
decision. If you think that Tx checksums are causing a problem, you
may disable the feature with ``hw_checksums=0``.
If you think your NIC should be performing Tx checksumming and the
driver isn't enabling it, you can force the use of hardware Tx
checksumming with ``hw_checksums=1``.
The driver drops a message in the logfiles to indicate whether or
not it is using hardware scatter/gather and hardware Tx checksums.
Scatter/gather and hardware checksums provide considerable
performance improvement for the sendfile() system call, but a small
decrease in throughput for send(). There is no effect upon receive
efficiency.
compaq_ioaddr=N,
compaq_irq=N,
compaq_device_id=N
"Variables to work-around the Compaq PCI BIOS32 problem"....
watchdog=N
Sets the time duration (in milliseconds) after which the kernel
decides that the transmitter has become stuck and needs to be reset.
This is mainly for debugging purposes, although it may be advantageous
to increase this value on LANs which have very high collision rates.
The default value is 5000 (5.0 seconds).
enable_wol=N1,N2,N3,...
Enable Wake-on-LAN support for the relevant interface. Donald
Becker's ``ether-wake`` application may be used to wake suspended
machines.
Also enables the NIC's power management support.
global_enable_wol=N
Sets enable_wol mode for all 3c59x NICs in the machine. Entries in
the ``enable_wol`` array above will override any setting of this.
Media selection
---------------
A number of the older NICs such as the 3c590 and 3c900 series have
10base2 and AUI interfaces.
Prior to January, 2001 this driver would autoselect the 10base2 or AUI
port if it didn't detect activity on the 10baseT port. It would then
get stuck on the 10base2 port and a driver reload was necessary to
switch back to 10baseT. This behaviour could not be prevented with a
module option override.
Later (current) versions of the driver _do_ support locking of the
media type. So if you load the driver module with
modprobe 3c59x options=0
it will permanently select the 10baseT port. Automatic selection of
other media types does not occur.
Transmit error, Tx status register 82
-------------------------------------
This is a common error which is almost always caused by another host on
the same network being in full-duplex mode, while this host is in
half-duplex mode. You need to find that other host and make it run in
half-duplex mode or fix this host to run in full-duplex mode.
As a last resort, you can force the 3c59x driver into full-duplex mode
with
options 3c59x full_duplex=1
but this has to be viewed as a workaround for broken network gear and
should only really be used for equipment which cannot autonegotiate.
Additional resources
--------------------
Details of the device driver implementation are at the top of the source file.
Additional documentation is available at Don Becker's Linux Drivers site:
http://www.scyld.com/vortex.html
Donald Becker's driver development site:
http://www.scyld.com/network.html
Donald's vortex-diag program is useful for inspecting the NIC's state:
http://www.scyld.com/ethercard_diag.html
Donald's mii-diag program may be used for inspecting and manipulating
the NIC's Media Independent Interface subsystem:
http://www.scyld.com/ethercard_diag.html#mii-diag
Donald's wake-on-LAN page:
http://www.scyld.com/wakeonlan.html
3Com's DOS-based application for setting up the NICs EEPROMs:
ftp://ftp.3com.com/pub/nic/3c90x/3c90xx2.exe
Autonegotiation notes
---------------------
The driver uses a one-minute heartbeat for adapting to changes in
the external LAN environment if link is up and 5 seconds if link is down.
This means that when, for example, a machine is unplugged from a hubbed
10baseT LAN plugged into a switched 100baseT LAN, the throughput
will be quite dreadful for up to sixty seconds. Be patient.
Cisco interoperability note from Walter Wong <wcw+@CMU.EDU>:
On a side note, adding HAS_NWAY seems to share a problem with the
Cisco 6509 switch. Specifically, you need to change the spanning
tree parameter for the port the machine is plugged into to 'portfast'
mode. Otherwise, the negotiation fails. This has been an issue
we've noticed for a while but haven't had the time to track down.
Cisco switches (Jeff Busch <jbusch@deja.com>)
My "standard config" for ports to which PC's/servers connect directly::
interface FastEthernet0/N
description machinename
load-interval 30
spanning-tree portfast
If autonegotiation is a problem, you may need to specify "speed
100" and "duplex full" as well (or "speed 10" and "duplex half").
WARNING: DO NOT hook up hubs/switches/bridges to these
specially-configured ports! The switch will become very confused.
Reporting and diagnosing problems
---------------------------------
Maintainers find that accurate and complete problem reports are
invaluable in resolving driver problems. We are frequently not able to
reproduce problems and must rely on your patience and efforts to get to
the bottom of the problem.
If you believe you have a driver problem here are some of the
steps you should take:
- Is it really a driver problem?
Eliminate some variables: try different cards, different
computers, different cables, different ports on the switch/hub,
different versions of the kernel or of the driver, etc.
- OK, it's a driver problem.
You need to generate a report. Typically this is an email to the
maintainer and/or netdev@vger.kernel.org. The maintainer's
email address will be in the driver source or in the MAINTAINERS file.
- The contents of your report will vary a lot depending upon the
problem. If it's a kernel crash then you should refer to
'Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst'.
But for most problems it is useful to provide the following:
- Kernel version, driver version
- A copy of the banner message which the driver generates when
it is initialised. For example:
eth0: 3Com PCI 3c905C Tornado at 0xa400, 00:50:da:6a:88:f0, IRQ 19
8K byte-wide RAM 5:3 Rx:Tx split, autoselect/Autonegotiate interface.
MII transceiver found at address 24, status 782d.
Enabling bus-master transmits and whole-frame receives.
NOTE: You must provide the ``debug=2`` modprobe option to generate
a full detection message. Please do this::
modprobe 3c59x debug=2
- If it is a PCI device, the relevant output from 'lspci -vx', eg::
00:09.0 Ethernet controller: 3Com Corporation 3c905C-TX [Fast Etherlink] (rev 74)
Subsystem: 3Com Corporation: Unknown device 9200
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 19
I/O ports at a400 [size=128]
Memory at db000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled] [size=128K]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version 2
00: b7 10 00 92 07 00 10 02 74 00 00 02 08 20 00 00
10: 01 a4 00 00 00 00 00 db 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 b7 10 00 10
30: 00 00 00 00 dc 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 01 0a 0a
- A description of the environment: 10baseT? 100baseT?
full/half duplex? switched or hubbed?
- Any additional module parameters which you may be providing to the driver.
- Any kernel logs which are produced. The more the merrier.
If this is a large file and you are sending your report to a
mailing list, mention that you have the logfile, but don't send
it. If you're reporting direct to the maintainer then just send
it.
To ensure that all kernel logs are available, add the
following line to /etc/syslog.conf::
kern.* /var/log/messages
Then restart syslogd with::
/etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog restart
(The above may vary, depending upon which Linux distribution you use).
- If your problem is reproducible then that's great. Try the
following:
1) Increase the debug level. Usually this is done via:
a) modprobe driver debug=7
b) In /etc/modprobe.d/driver.conf:
options driver debug=7
2) Recreate the problem with the higher debug level,
send all logs to the maintainer.
3) Download you card's diagnostic tool from Donald
Becker's website <http://www.scyld.com/ethercard_diag.html>.
Download mii-diag.c as well. Build these.
a) Run 'vortex-diag -aaee' and 'mii-diag -v' when the card is
working correctly. Save the output.
b) Run the above commands when the card is malfunctioning. Send
both sets of output.
Finally, please be patient and be prepared to do some work. You may
end up working on this problem for a week or more as the maintainer
asks more questions, asks for more tests, asks for patches to be
applied, etc. At the end of it all, the problem may even remain
unresolved.